Master Class: Do-it-yourself Concrete Cellar

Table of contents:

Master Class: Do-it-yourself Concrete Cellar
Master Class: Do-it-yourself Concrete Cellar

Video: Master Class: Do-it-yourself Concrete Cellar

Video: Master Class: Do-it-yourself Concrete Cellar
Video: Mortar for decorating a basement, decorative plaster for a stone. Decorative rock. Art concrete. 2024, March
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  • Design characteristics
  • Excavation
  • Concreting the foundation for the walls
  • Step device
  • Panel formwork. Wall concreting
  • Slab formwork
  • Reinforcement of the arched floor
  • Arch waterproofing
  • Concreting of the vestibule cover
  • Calculation of the volume of material

    • Formwork board
    • Construction material
    • Armature

A cellar is a necessary attribute of rural and suburban life. It is one of the oldest types of buildings that has not changed its appearance to this day. The insulated pit will not freeze in winter, but it will be stably cool in it. This effect underlies the trouble-free operation of a winter cellar as a storage without energy consumption and with an unlimited service life.

By the structure of the cellars are different - outside and inside the house, underground and aboveground. We choose the golden mean and build a partially buried (50%) cellar with an entrance vestibule and natural ground thermal insulation. Why this particular type is optimal:

  1. Less labor costs for excavation (compared to underground).
  2. The soil removed from the pit is used for insulating the roof of the storage facility.
  3. The energy of the soil at a depth below freezing is sufficient to maintain the required temperature conditions.

Cellar walls can be made of any material, but we chose concrete for the following reasons:

  1. There were freely available unlimited reserves of river gravel, which they decided to use as coarse and fine aggregate at the same time. As a result, for the preparation of such concrete it was necessary to purchase only cement.
  2. The arched vault is easier to "pour" out of concrete than from any other material, and water does not collect on it.
  3. The technical properties of the material are durability, reliability.
  4. Monolithic construction.

Another feature of the cellar is the earthen floor. Of course, you can concrete it, but it will literally be "burying labor and money in the ground." Dry and dense soil serves as an excellent base and ensures unhindered heat transfer on its surface.

Design characteristics

  1. The total external size is 4.7x2.4 m.
  2. Height above ground level: storage facilities without insulating soil layer - about 1.2 m; vestibule at the top point - 2.2 m.
  3. Internal dimensions: storage - 3.3x2 m, h = 2.1 m (upper point of the arch); vestibule - 1x2.4 m, h = 2.1 m.
  4. Ladder - reinforced concrete, width 1 m, steps 300x150 mm, 6 pcs. + concrete platform 1x1 m.
  5. Wall and floor material - adapted concrete mix with partial reinforcement (hereinafter - "concrete").
  6. Ventilation - natural, through ventilation ducts.

To build a cellar, you will need the following tool:

  1. Concrete mixer.
  2. Power tools: grinder, drill / screwdriver, circular saw, jigsaw *.
  3. Carpentry tools: tape measure, cord, hammer, ax, crowbar, etc.
  4. Trench tool: shovels, possibly a pickaxe.
  5. Other: wheelbarrows, buckets, trowels, etc.

* - in the absence of a power tool and a concrete mixer, all work can be done with a hand tool

Excavation

We divide the selected site by size (4.7x2.4). We dig a pit to a depth of 1 meter.

Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar
Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar

Note. There is no need to take the excavated soil far away - it will be required for insulation at the last stage.

For convenience and accuracy of work, so as not to make unnecessary movements, we make a conductor in the form of a frame measuring 4.3x2 m. In the place of the retaining wall of a concrete staircase (1 m from the edge "at the entrance"), add a contour (1x0.2 m). The outer edges of the frame will serve as a guide for further deepening of the soil under the foundation of the walls. In other words, the frame represents the interior boundaries of the room.

Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar
Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar

We dig the perimeter from the pit wall to the conductor to a depth of 300 mm. It turned out a trench with a section of 300x200 mm. This is a ground formwork for the foundation of future walls.

Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar
Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar

Concreting the foundation for the walls

In all structural elements, an adapted concrete mixture was used: for 1 part of cement - 1 part of sand and 3 parts of river gravel. In this case, gravel should have a different fraction from 0.1 to 20–40 mm.

We lay out boulders, large cobblestones and rubble stone in the trench.

Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar
Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar

And concrete the foundation of the walls.

Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar
Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar

When laying concrete, tamp it as much as possible with all available means.

Attention! There is no need to add old rusty scrap metal, hollow pipes and tubes, chain-link mesh, used nails, strips to the concrete of the foundation. If possible - reinforce with any longitudinal wire bundles, reinforcement rods, thin gratings.

Step device

While the concrete is setting, steps need to be made. In our case, this will be a filling staircase. How to do it - read our article. In the reinforcement of the stairs, you need to tie wire outlets for the subsequent binding of the wall frames (if any).

Note. In this case, the walls are made of adapted concrete without a reinforcing cage. This is permissible due to the low load on the structure.

After the concrete is laid in the stairs, it is necessary to take a pause - the more, the better. In this case, the usual 3 days are not enough - the concrete must be properly hardened, otherwise there is a risk of spoiling the steps by accidentally breaking off their edges. Plus a discount on non-factory quality concrete, the mortar in it should gain maximum strength.

This time can be used to make shields and arched beams. For boards, it is optimal to use a board of 40-50x250 mm with a length of 5 m.

After 20-25 days, you can start the wall formwork.

Panel formwork. Wall concreting

The use of boards made of 40x250 mm boards is due to their versatility and the flexibility of wood for processing. Cost of 1 sq. m of such a shield is half that of plywood, OSB or other material. After concreting the walls, the boards can be disassembled, and the floor formwork can be assembled from the board. Upon completion of all work, it can be reused on the farm.

We collect boards by 2-3 boards and cut them according to the internal size of the room, that is, along the foundation of the walls.

Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar
Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar

In the same way, we install clipped boards on the steps of the stairs. We fasten the formwork with stops in all directions. In the lower part we hammer in the pegs and make slopes. Before concreting, we lay a 150 mm pipe with a knee for ventilation into the formwork (30–40 cm from the earthen floor).

Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar
Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar

We put concrete in the formwork. We carefully tap the sides with a hammer - this is necessary for the release of air and better shrinkage of the mixture. After that, we introduce embedded loops of 6 mm wire or reinforcing hooks into the raw concrete (for better bonding of concrete layers).

Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar
Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar

After the first layer has set (after 3 days), we dismantle and reinstall the formwork and in the same way concreting the walls to ground level.

Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar
Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar

Upon reaching ground level, we need to install a second ("response") shield on each wall. We install the formwork and gradually concreting the walls until the specified height (1 m) is reached.

Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar
Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar

Use the slopes as backwaters.

Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar
Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar

Watch out for linear dimensions - do not swap shields.

Attention! Be sure to check the perimeter diagonal before laying each layer.

Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar
Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar

Release the top securely. If possible, use static elements - walls of neighboring buildings, pillars, large stones.

Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar
Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar

Each fill will raise the walls by 50 cm, a total of 4–5 fillings are required.

Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar
Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar

In the vestibule part, we recommend placing a vent in the form of a window for lighting and enhanced ventilation, and drying in a thaw. To do this, knock down a box of a given size (250x500 mm) without a bottom and a cover. Install it in the formwork in the chosen place (from the corner and the top of the slab at least 300 mm) and fix it with nails to the panels. When placing concrete in this place, do not forget to tap the formwork especially carefully so that the mixture goes under the lower edge of the box.

Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar
Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar

Slab formwork

We install a flanging belt (like an armored belt) along the inner perimeter of the storage. For the supports, use a padded board from the backboards. Metal corners make installation and alignment much easier. The main task of the flanging belt is to align the line of the ceiling perimeter, so the horizontal board is level.

Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar
Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar

Council. You can hang a flanging board at the level of 2-3 nails and then fit the cut-to-size support under it. Another option is to "beat off the horizon" with a level or a hydro level, measure the dimensions and assemble a frame from the perimeter board and supports on the ground, and then install it entirely.

Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar
Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar

Installation of arched beams can be carried out both simultaneously with the belt, and after - at the discretion of the master. They must be tied to supports. The step is 600-700 mm.

Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar
Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar

After installing the crossbars, add the missing racks and unfasten them with slopes. We arrange a continuous plank flooring of the arched ceiling formwork and cover it with roofing material in one layer.

Note. In this case, roofing material is needed not for waterproofing the ceiling, but for the tightness of the ceiling formwork.

For the ventilation hood device, cut a 150 mm hole in the corner opposite to the inflow and install a PVC pipe.

Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar
Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar

Reinforcement of the arched floor

Reinforcement will be made in the form of a mesh made of reinforcement A3 14-16 mm with a step of 140-150 mm. Here you will need limiters, which are popularly called "frogs", 50 mm high, 3 pieces each. for each arched rod. They are needed to cure the concrete cover.

Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar
Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar

Frog limiter

We impose solid rods on wire outlets or reinforcing hooks along long walls. Empirically, we set the length of the arched rod, taking into account the protective layer. Then we cut the required number of rods into size (25 pcs.).

Note. The density of the reinforcement can be greater, up to a cell of 70x70 mm.

We tie “frogs” to the arched rod - one in the middle and one 800 mm from each end and set it on the formwork.

Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar
Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar

We impose transverse rods with a pitch of 140–150 mm.

Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar
Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar

We mount the outer flanging and concreting the arch with a thick mixture. During installation, be sure to carefully tap the formwork from the bottom and along the edges.

Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar
Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar

Loops of 6 mm wire should be laid along the edges with a step of 300–400 mm. They will be needed when installing a side for the ground. It is needed so that the soil does not crumble from the sloping roof, and it is not washed out by rain.

Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar
Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar

Arch waterproofing

For this, ordinary bitumen was used in the form of monolithic resin pieces. Before applying, it must be melted (by heating), while disposing of wood waste.

Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar
Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar

We apply melted bitumen on surfaces that will be in contact with the ground - the roof and walls of the storage facility.

Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar
Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar

Attention! The working temperature of bitumen is up to 120 ° С. Be careful to avoid burns.

Concreting of the vestibule cover

It should be noted that the shape of the vestibule can be any, including without a slope. In our case, there is a bias. After concreting the walls, at least 21 days must pass before the ceiling device.

Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar
Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar

The walls of the vestibule must be cleaned of formwork residues and ready for installation.

Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar
Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar

Following the example of an arched ceiling, we arrange an internal flanging belt.

Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar
Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar

In our case, the vestibule cover exceeds its dimensions by 200 mm. For the device of such a "overhang" of the floor will require the installation of formwork outside the walls.

Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar
Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar

After the installation of the outer and inner sides, we sew the opposite inner flanging boards with a continuous flooring.

Attention! All outer and inner sides of both walls (6 sides in total) must be in the same plane.

The tops of the sides are fastened with a solid rail.

Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar
Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar

Reinforcement of the vestibule cover is carried out similarly to an arched ceiling - longitudinal rods are tied along the walls and a mesh of reinforcement A3 12-16 mm with a cell of 140-150 mm is attached to them on a wire.

Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar
Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar

The concrete slab is made “under the cover”. This means that small areas (in our case, 0.5 linear meters) are first covered with a continuous flooring, and then a concrete mixture is laid in them.

Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar
Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar

There will also be a brick flange above the canopy of the vestibule, so you need to lay a wire around the perimeter.

When the waterproofing is completely dry, you need to fill the storage overlap with soil with a layer of 300 mm. The final look is like this:

Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar
Master class: do-it-yourself concrete cellar

After the debris has been cleared, the hill above the storage facility will be sown with lawn grass to strengthen the slopes.

Calculation of the volume of material

For simplicity, the average wall height is taken as 2 m.

Formwork board

Required length of boards: inner perimeter plus outer perimeter plus vestibule wall plus 10%:

  • P int. = 4.3 x 2 + 2 x 2 = 8.6 + 4 = 12.4 lin. m
  • P nar. = 4.7 x 2 + 2.4 x 2 = 9.4 + 4.8 = 14.2 lin. m
  • From the tamb. = 1 running. m
  • L boards = 12.4 + 14.2 + 1 = 27.6 linear meters. m

The square of the formwork will be equal to the length of the panels multiplied by the width of one panel. With a panel width of 600 mm:

S formwork = 27.6 x 0.6 = 16.56 m 2

The cubic capacity of the board for the formwork will be equal to the square of the formwork multiplied by the thickness of the board. With a thickness of 40 mm:

V boards = 16.56 x 0.04 = 0.66 m 3

We add 15% to the calculated volume for trimming, arched beams, etc. Total estimated volume of the board:

V estimates. = V boards + 15% = 0.66 + 0.1 = 0.76 m 3

Construction material

Concrete. The volume of concrete is the sum of the volumes of the foundation, walls, floors and stairs. Since the foundation is equal in width to the walls, we add its height to the height of the walls. Total estimated wall height:

H walls = 2 + 0.3 = 2.3 m

The volume of the walls is equal to the outer perimeter plus the length of the retaining wall of the stairs multiplied by the wall thickness (200mm) and the height of the walls:

V walls = (4.7x2 + 2.4 x 2 + 1) x 0.2 x 2.3 = 6.99 = 7 m 3

The volume of the slab is equal to the area of the slab multiplied by the thickness.

The vault floor space will be equal to the outer length times the width plus 15% by the arch bend:

S lane. storage = 3.7 x 2.4 + 15% = 8.88 + 15% = 10.2 m 2

The area of the vestibule cover will be equal to the outer length + 400 mm multiplied by the outer width + 400 mm plus 20% by the slope:

S cr. tamb. = (2.4 + 0.4) x (1.2 + 0.4) + 20% = 2.8 x 1.6 + 20% = 5.37 m 2

In total, the calculated floor area is equal to the sum of the floor area of the vestibule and the storage:

S crossings = S lane. storage + S lane. tamb. = 10.2 + 5.37 = 15.57 m 2

The volume of concrete in the floors is equal to their area multiplied by the thickness of the slab (200mm):

V bet. per. = 15.57 x 0.2 = 3.11 m 3

The volume of concrete in a staircase is equal to the sum of the volumes of all steps (6 pieces) plus the volume of the staircase body.

The volume of one step with dimensions of 300x150 mm and a width of 1 m will be equal to half the product of the length of the tread by the height of the rise and multiplied by the width of the march:

  • V 1st. = 0.15 x 0.3 x 1 = 0.045 m 3
  • V Art. = V 1st. x N Art. = 0.045 x 6 = 0.27 m 3

The volume of the stair body is equal to the linear length of the flight, multiplied by the thickness of the body. In order not to tire the reader by calculating the length of the march from the dimensions of one step through the Pythagorean theorem, we will take it as 2 meters. In this case, the sufficient thickness of the filling ladder body will be equal to 100 mm:

V body flatter. = 2 x 0.1 = 0.2 m 3

Total volume of the entire ladder:

V flatter. = V Art. + V body flatter. = 0.27 + 0.2 = 0.47 m 3

The floor of the vestibule is also concrete. Its size is 1x1 m, cubic capacity is 0.2 m 3.

The total estimated cubic capacity of structural elements will be equal to the sum of the volumes obtained:

V = 7 + 3.11 + 0.47 + 0.2 = 10.78 m 3, we take 11 m 3

All these calculations were needed to calculate the amount of cement. According to the proportional ratio of the adapted concrete mix with river gravel and sand 1: 1: 3, the volume fraction of cement should be ¼ the volume of concrete. To gravel, as to a coarse aggregate, it is necessary to apply a volume factor 3. As a result, the proportion will change to 1: 1: 9. Then the volume fraction of cement will be equal to 1/10 of concrete, which will be 11/10 = 1.1 m 3. With a cement density of 3000 kg / m 3, the required amount will be 3000x1.1 = 3300 kg. In bags of 50 kg it will be:

N mesh. = 3300/50 = 66 pcs

Armature

The total length of the frame bars is the sum of the length of the working and distribution reinforcement. In our case, the reinforcement was applied on two floors - storage and vestibule.

The sum of the lengths of the bars in each of the rows will be equal to the length of the wall divided by the step (150 mm) plus one and multiplied by the length of the adjacent (perpendicular) wall.

Longitudinal and transverse bars in the storage floor:

  • L prod. xp. = (3.7 / 0.15 + 1) x 2.4 = 25.66 x 2.4 = 61.6 lin. m
  • L across xp. = (2.4 / 0.15 + 1) x 3.7 = 17 x 2.4 = 62.9 lin. m
  • L Art. xp. = 61.6 + 62.9 = 124.5 lin. m

Longitudinal and transverse rods of the vestibule:

  • L prod. tamb. = (2.8 / 0.15 + 1) x 1.4 = 27.5 lin. m
  • L across tamb. = (1.4 / 0.15 + 1) x 2.8 = 28.9 lin. m
  • L rod tamb. = 27.5 + 28.9 = 56.4 lin. m

Attention! Take into account the length of the visor around the perimeter of the lid in the calculations.

Total total length of rods:

L rod = 56.4 + 124.5 = 180.9 lin. m or 30 pcs. 6 m each

Material cost for the construction of a concrete cellar:

Name Unit rev. Qty Unit price, rub. Total cost, rub. Edged board 40x250 mm m 3 0.76 5300 4000 Cement М400 bag 66 250 16,500 Armature A3 16 mm running. m 180 45 8 100 BN 90/10 bitumen, bag 40 kg PC. 1 1000 1100 Roofing material RKK-350 roll 1 300 300 Nails, screws, etc. - - - 1000 Total material 31000 Job 15000 Total material and work 46000

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