Organization Of Power Supply For A Country House

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Organization Of Power Supply For A Country House
Organization Of Power Supply For A Country House

Video: Organization Of Power Supply For A Country House

Video: Organization Of Power Supply For A Country House
Video: The Journey of Electrical Energy 2024, March
Anonim
  • Planning and design
  • Connecting to public networks
  • Earthing
  • Choosing the type and required cross-section of conductors
  • Electrical shield
  • Protection devices
  • Wiring
  • Sockets, switches, outputs
  • Backup power supply
Organization of power supply for a country house
Organization of power supply for a country house

The list of electrical equipment used in country houses is becoming more and more extensive. Now, in addition to the usual refrigerators, heaters, vacuum cleaner and lamps, borehole pumps, underfloor heating, air conditioning, electric saunas, swimming pool heating, outdoor landscape lamps and much more are often required to provide electricity.

For the uninterrupted and safe operation of water supply, heating, household appliances and lighting systems, an exceptionally competent approach in organizing the power supply of the home will be required.

Planning and design

Drawing up detailed and technically verified project documentation will allow you to correctly calculate the required amount of materials, take into account absolutely all the nuances, avoid a number of mistakes, which will be very difficult to correct without serious financial costs or delays in construction. This is not surprising, because the installation of electrical wiring begins at the stage of production of rough work, and ends after finishing with the installation of lamps and facades of sockets / switches.

Moreover, when constructing new buildings, in order to obtain a permit for the use of electricity, the homeowner must, in addition to submitting an application to the energy supplying organization, agree on the power supply project, including with Energosbyt and Gosenergonadzor.

In any case, it is impossible to start electrical work without planning. It is imperative that you first take into account the amount of electrical equipment that will be used, its types, specification, power. Based on this data, the required load can be calculated. It is quite simple to calculate the total power consumption. It is necessary to add up the rated power of all devices and equipment that you have and which are planned to be connected in the future, and multiply the resulting figure by 0.7 - the "coefficient of simultaneity". Of course, it is better to have some power reserve.

Connecting to public networks

In most cases, the connection to power lines is made by air using an insulated cable or wire in a non-combustible sheath, often laid on a steel cable. Input wires and cables are selected in accordance with PES. To connect the house on the ground, an armored cable is used, according to the characteristics agreed in Energonadzor.

Air supply lines with the help of special hooks with insulators, brackets or pipe supports are attached to the main structures of the house in the immediate vicinity of the electricity meter.

Organization of power supply for a country house
Organization of power supply for a country house

A through hole is made in the wall of the house for power supply. A metal or plastic tube-sleeve is previously inserted into this hole.

Most often, the input for a country or garden house is carried out according to a single-phase scheme. However, if you need to power a large number of powerful household appliances and the energy consumption significantly exceeds 4 kW per hour, then it is advisable to use a three-phase line with three linear and one neutral wire.

Sometimes you can face a limitation of the power allocated to specific houses (summer cottages no more than 3 kW, in settlements up to 6 kW, new cottage townships about 15-25 kW). If the demand exceeds this limit, the way out of the situation may be the use of special automation, which, according to a given program, ensures the uninterrupted operation of the main consumers at the expense of the secondary ones.

Exceeding the limits and limits leads to a voltage drop in the general network and can cause an emergency power outage.

Earthing

According to all safety standards, a modern cottage must have a ground loop. It is recommended to use metal pipes of water conduits lying in the ground as "natural" ground electrodes; well casing; reinforced concrete and metal structures of structures and buildings in contact with the ground.

Also, grounding is made from a steel rod of round or rectangular cross-section with a thickness of 6 mm, an angle with a shelf thickness of 4 mm. Such rods should not be painted, it is better if they are galvanized. They are buried below the depth of freezing of the soil, after which they are scalded with steel strips, on which a copper conductor with a cross section of at least 2.5 mm 2 is attached using a bolted connection, which goes to the main ground bus in the electrical panel. The grounding resistance must not exceed 4 ohms.

In the electrical panel, protective conductors from each consumer are fixed on a common bus. The grounding conductor must be the same size as the supply wire. Therefore, now three-core wires are used for wiring - earth, line, neutral.

Choosing the type and required cross-section of conductors

The operability and reliability of the entire network as a whole depends on the correct choice of the cross-section of the wires used for wiring. The main criterion for calculating the cross-section of the wire is the total power of the consumers supplied by this conductor. It is also important under what temperature conditions the power grid will be operated and the external or hidden wiring will be.

The main feasible indicators of the cross-section of wires used in the power supply of private housing have long been determined by practicing electricians.

To organize the connection of the power supply of the house, copper wires or cables with a cross section of at least 6 mm 2 are used, as well as aluminum ones - at least 16 mm 2. To connect power outlets, three-core double-insulated copper wires with a cross section of 2.5 mm 2 are used. A cross section of 1 - 1.5 mm 2 is sufficient for illumination. Especially powerful consumers, such as an electric hob, an electric boiler, an instantaneous water heater, an oven, etc., are powered by a wire with a cross section of 4 mm 2 or more, which is routed directly to the electrical panel, bypassing the junction boxes.

Organization of power supply for a country house
Organization of power supply for a country house

If there are difficulties with the exact determination of the load current, and finances allow it, you need to take wires or cables with a cross-section margin in the big direction.

In houses built of wood or using frame technology, it is necessary to use special conductors that do not support combustion. For example, self-extinguishing NYM or VVGng wire.

In rooms with high air temperatures (sauna, bathhouse), a heat-resistant cable is used, the insulation of which can withstand up to 180 degrees.

The brands of household wire - PVA and cable - VVG, VVGng and NYM have proven themselves well and are now widespread.

Electrical shield

The electrical panel can be built-in and mounted. It is located on the main wall, as close as possible to the power input, at a height of no more than 1700 mm from the floor.

Several groups of automatic devices, RCDs, packet switches, switching buses (zero and ground) are installed in the switchboard. Often a meter is located in the electrical panel.

Organization of power supply for a country house
Organization of power supply for a country house

The size of the electrical cabinet is selected based on the number and type of elements that are placed in it. It is advisable to have a certain amount of space for additional machines in case new consumers need to be connected.

To simplify the wiring of power and unload the main electrical cabinet, it is recommended to arrange simplified shields for individual floors of a multi-storey building, as well as for detached buildings. Small switchboards are powered from the main wires with a cross section of 4 mm 2.

Protection devices

The circuit breakers are installed on a DIN rail in the switchboard and serve to protect the wiring from short circuits or overloads. They are used for certain groups of consumers, for specific household appliances of high power, or requiring separate protection and shutdown devices (air conditioners, underfloor heating, jacuzzi, etc.).

Automatic machines are chosen based on the power of household appliances and consumers for which they are responsible. These devices break the circuit in case of exceeding the current strength determined for a particular machine. The current characteristics of the operation of the circuit breakers must be less than the maximum permissible currents for the wiring cable. For a cable with a cross section of 1.5 mm 2, the machine must be no more than 16 A, 2.5 mm 2 - 25 A, 4 mm 2 - 32 A, 6 mm 2 - 40 A.

If circuit breakers are responsible for the safety of electrical circuits and are triggered in critical situations, then residual current devices protect a person from electric shock and are triggered in a matter of fractions of a second. The RCD compares the indicators of the current flowing to the consumer with the current returned from it and, if a difference is found, immediately disconnects the problem circuit.

RCDs are selected depending on the estimated leakage current and the planned load. To ensure the protection of a person from electric shocks, devices with a shutdown threshold of 10-30 mA are used, for fire purposes - general RCDs for 100-300 mA, which are installed on all wiring. In general, residual current devices are installed on groups of consumers or individual devices (underfloor heating, washing machine, water heater, etc.).

It is worth paying attention to the rated current of the device. If the RCD and the machine are in series in the same circuit, then the machine must be rated for less current than the residual current device. This is necessary to prevent the breakdown of the RCD, as the machine operates with a certain delay.

On sale there are differential automatic machines - a kind of "two in one", automatic and RCD. The shield with the use of electromechanical difavtomats becomes noticeably more compact, and the design is more reliable.

The use of RCDs in rooms with old wiring is often not justified. Due to dilapidated circuits, uncontrolled leakage currents occur, which causes frequent "no-load" RCD trips. If there is a need for protection, but it is not possible to change the wiring, you can install sockets with a built-in RCD, although they are, of course, very expensive.

Wiring

Wiring is carried out in accordance with the layout of sockets, switches, stationary devices and lighting elements.

The sockets of the house should be divided into groups of several pieces, all of them will be connected with a 2.5 mm 2 cable from the junction box. Each such group will be responsible for its own machine (16 - 25 A), their number depends only on the area of the house and how many outlets are planned. As a rule, sockets of a certain room fall into one group, but not always.

In a three-phase network, the groups and the load are distributed evenly on each line to maintain the symmetry of the phase voltage.

The lighting for each room is also switched in separate branch boxes. For adequate protection of luminaires from overloads, automatic machines are used from 3 to 10 amperes.

Cables going from the switchboard to distribution boxes and specific consumers are placed in a corrugated plastic or metal sleeve.

Organization of power supply for a country house
Organization of power supply for a country house

Recently, only hidden wiring has been performed in the grooves of mineral foundations and in the cavities of frame structures. The bulk of the wires are led along the ceilings, attaching them with special plastic clips, clamps. All electrical lines are easily hidden in the interceiling space of stretch ceilings or, for example, plasterboard ceilings. It is possible to install the wiring in concrete screeds in compliance with some technological standards.

The grooves along which the conductors are lowered to sockets and switches must be strictly vertical, if necessary, they can only turn at right angles. It is imperative to make a plan for the passage of wires in the walls, especially if there is a horizontal component of the path. This guarantees the safety of the conductor from interruption during the installation of any suspended structures.

The location of the branch boxes is also recommended to be indicated on the plan, because they will be plastered and pasted over with wallpaper. The boxes should be located below the suspended ceilings, access to them should not be blocked by furniture or other massive structures. As a rule, they are installed in the corridors above the interior doors.

The wires entering the junction boxes are stripped of insulation and switched by welding, terminals, PPE.

Cables of low-current consumers (television, Internet wires, security, sound, telephone) require special treatment. To avoid interference, they should not be laid in the immediate vicinity of power lines, especially in the same corrugation with socket wires.

Sockets, switches, outputs

Before starting the installation of electrical wiring, the location of outlets, switches and terminals must be precisely defined and indicated in the plan. The main requirement is that they are easily accessible and functional.

At the moment, the standard is considered to be the placement of switches at a height of 900 mm from the floor, sockets - in the region of 200 - 300 mm. On the working wall of the kitchen, the sockets are installed at least 900 mm, since the tabletop is located at a height of 850 mm. For some stationary consumers, sockets are arranged at a non-standard height (LCD TVs, water heaters, appliances built into furniture).

Organization of power supply for a country house
Organization of power supply for a country house

Installation boxes for switches are placed at a distance of more than 100 mm from the rough doorways, on the side of the handles. So they will not be overlapped by cashing or an open door leaf.

You should be very careful when calculating the total number of outlets, then in the future you will not have to pile up dangerous multi-storey structures from tees and extension cords.

We must not forget about street sockets, because very often you just need to connect some kind of device on the street: a watering pump, a mini-washer for a car, a power tool, a radio tape recorder, etc.

Naturally, sockets must be used with a grounding contact.

For bathrooms, socket mechanisms with a protective casing and plastic curtains that cover the conductors are used. They are marked with the degree of protection IP44 or IP55. There are special safety sockets for children's rooms and for the street.

Some household appliances for connection have terminals instead of plugs (air conditioners, underfloor heating regulators, hob, kitchen hood …). For them, not sockets are provided, but wire leads from the wall of the required length and section.

Backup power supply

In a private house, unlike a city apartment, it is possible to integrate emergency power sources into the power supply system. These can be diesel, gas, gasoline generators. In case of lack of capacity or failures in common networks, they are started automatically or manually. Generators are located on prepared sites outside the premises in special casings or in ancillary buildings.

Organization of power supply for a country house
Organization of power supply for a country house

Alternative sources of electricity, such as wind generators and solar systems, are becoming more widespread.

If the main power supply does not meet the standards (in suburban power grids, frequency deviations, voltage dips, high-frequency "noise" are frequent), then the backup power supply system may include stabilizers, inverters - devices that improve the quality of electricity.

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