Live Fire In The Interior And In The Garden. Fireplaces, Stoves, Open Hearths

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Live Fire In The Interior And In The Garden. Fireplaces, Stoves, Open Hearths
Live Fire In The Interior And In The Garden. Fireplaces, Stoves, Open Hearths

Video: Live Fire In The Interior And In The Garden. Fireplaces, Stoves, Open Hearths

Video: Live Fire In The Interior And In The Garden. Fireplaces, Stoves, Open Hearths
Video: Fireplace 10 hours full HD 2024, March
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  • The main differences between the construction of fireplaces, stoves and garden hearths

    • Central heating system of ancient Rome
    • Fireplaces are a traditional heating system in Europe
    • Russian stove
    • Garden hearths
  • How to build a Russian stove with a fireplace. Model of a fireplace stove Masyutin

    • Kuznetsov-Pogorodnikov furnace
    • Oven-fireplace Masyutin
    • The choice of materials for laying the stove
    • Cast iron parts
    • Foundation
    • Clay mortar and brick preparation for masonry
    • Masonry
  • Fireplace in the interior and garden. How to do it yourself

    • Building a garden fireplace
    • Interior fireplaces
  • Connecting a stove or fireplace to the home heating system
  • A simple stove-heater for a garden bath

You can familiarize yourself with the features of the device and construction of Kuznetsov and Masyutin fireplaces, the article compares the traditional fireplace model, which can be used for garden hearths, and the popular Rumford fireplace model for indoor use. It also provides a detailed description of the construction process of a simple stove-heater for a bath and a general description of a Roman steam room.

The construction of stoves and fireplaces is currently experiencing a boom. Despite the partially lost traditions and difficulties of high-quality construction, more and more people use heating systems traditional for Russia. Of course, for Russia, the Russian stove is considered a classic home hearth, but fireplaces and garden hearths borrowed from other peoples are also not deprived of attention.

The main differences between the construction of fireplaces, stoves and garden hearths

For many millennia, the preservation of fire has been the key to human survival. Since ancient times, people have worked on the form and scheme of a universal hearth, as the spread of human settlements, various versions of hearths have appeared that have survived to this day. I would like to note several ingenious designs of heating systems that have predetermined modern designs of heating systems, including stoves, fireplaces and garden hearths.

Central heating system of ancient Rome

Ancient Rome made a significant contribution to the development of heating systems. Here, special ovens were used to heat thermal baths (Roman baths). It was the Romans who were the first to develop a complex system of hot air stove heating. In the baths, and later in the dwellings, the walls and floors were heated with a hot air stream coming from a huge furnace. This is the first human realization of heating with the help of "warm floors" and warm walls.

Scheme of a Roman bath
Scheme of a Roman bath

Scheme of a Roman bath with a centralized heating system

The heating system in Roman baths meant the supply of hot air from the oven to the hollow spaces of the walls and floor of the bath. The floor of the bathhouse was supported by brick supports, which were staggered in order to keep the smoke in this brick labyrinth longer. A sophisticated heating system consisted of successively directing smoke into numerous voids, which retained smoke in their cavity and "forced" to give off infrared heat from the air to the brick. The walls of the heated room also contained rectangular bricks with a hollow container, which were attached with metal brackets. Similar centralized heating systems were also found in palaces and Roman villas of the highest persons of Ancient Rome.

Roman fireplaces are considered another invention of the Romans. Here the heating system is based on heating the room with the radiant energy of fire, which is reflected multiplely from the walls of the furnace and enters the room. An important point for the design of the fireplace is the effective removal of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, which are released during fuel combustion. Improper design of fireplaces can lead to an increase in the concentration of toxic gases in the room and even death.

At an early stage of development, young Europe borrowed from Rome a democratic and beautiful source of heating - fireplaces, the centralized heating system developed by the Romans did not take root in Europe.

Fireplaces are a traditional heating system in Europe

Preserving fire for humans has always been very difficult, a special problem was created by heating large houses, which were located in the northern part of Europe. For heating such buildings, as a rule, one large open fire was used. Obviously, the larger the stove, the easier it was to keep the fire going with the slow burning fuel. Most of the basement floors contained kitchen fireplaces, which also heated the houses. Individual fireplaces were used for local heating of the rooms; until the 16th century, they were available only to the highest nobility.

Fireplaces
Fireplaces

Fireplaces and a diagram of a classic fireplace

Until 1529, there was a papal tax on chimneys in Europe. The rooms were heated with one stove, from which hot air was supplied to other rooms through a single chimney system. The fireplace wall has long been the supporting structure of the building. After the abolition of the papal tax and up to the 20th century in Europe, buildings were heated by a complex system of chimneys coming from fireplaces or stoves, which were supposed to heat all rooms.

House centralized fireplace heating system
House centralized fireplace heating system

House centralized fireplace heating system

After the abolition of the chimney tax, fireplaces quickly spread throughout Europe, however, this led to tragic consequences - in 1666 London burned down. It was rebuilt from stone, and all the houses again had fireplaces. The fireplace tradition has been preserved in Europe to this day; in many countries, fireplaces are used as the only way to heat a home.

Russian stove

The Russian stove largely repeats the idea proposed by the Romans, that is, it implements heating of the room by transferring the thermal energy of heated smoke to the brickwork at the moment the smoke passes through a complex air duct system.

In Russian practice, ovens combined a hearth, a heating system, a stove for cooking and an oven for baking bread and drying food. It is one of the most massive kiln structures known in history. The prototype of the Russian stove appeared more than 3000 years ago, when people first placed the ancient hearth under a clay vault.

Russian stove
Russian stove

Grigoriev's model of a heating and cooking furnace with increased heat transfer

The Russian stove necessarily contained a cooking chamber, which was located in the deepest part of the stove. This was done to prevent carbon monoxide gases from crossing the gas threshold and contaminating the air at home. The design of the Russian stove was made in such a way that the stove gases burned completely, which also required a simpler chimney design. The massive part of the furnace is rough, contains several hollow containers through which air passes and heats the entire brick structure of the furnace.

The Russian stove is built only of high-quality red bricks on clay mortar, this design has the highest thermal efficiency. To further preserve the heat of the stove, a massive "hog" is arranged in the attic.

Heating and cooking stove with fireplace
Heating and cooking stove with fireplace

Heating and cooking stove with fireplace

Massive Russian stoves were common throughout Russia. An analogue of the Russian stove existed in North China and the Scandinavian countries. The popularity of these stoves is due to the fact that they were able to maintain a stable temperature in the house, this is especially important for northern countries with characteristic long winters and severe frosts.

Diagram of the most common thick-walled furnace model
Diagram of the most common thick-walled furnace model

Diagram of the most common thick-walled furnace model

Significant progress in furnace production in Russia took place under Peter I, when furnaces became the subject of scientific research. From the 18th to the early 19th century, Russian stove business occupied the first positions in Europe, a large number of stove models were developed, which were installed in Germany, France and England.

The main difference between Russian stoves and Western European heating analogs is a complex duct system that allows you to keep the heat of the hot air coming from the stove and maintain a stable temperature in the building.

With the advent of gas heating, the use of Russian stoves in homes was minimized, but with the rise in gas fuel prices, stove construction again became relevant. Some homeowners use stove heating in addition to a solar panel system, which allows not only to join the traditions of the past, but also to ensure complete autonomy from urban utilities.

Garden hearths

Garden hearths have become popular in Mediterranean countries. However, the relevance of such seasonal heating was also appreciated in Russia. It is obvious that only the radiant energy of fire is “used” in garden hearths, that is, garden fireplaces are built without internal cavities. When building garden fireplaces, less attention is paid to safety due to good ventilation and the rapid dispersion of carbon monoxide gases.

How to build a Russian stove with a fireplace. Model of a fireplace stove Masyutin

Fire is one of those few things that you can look at endlessly. It is impossible to contradict the fact that living fire fascinates, relaxes and makes an indelible impression on any person. The fireplace in the house is considered a prototype of the ancient hearth, which revives its natural qualities in every person. The fireplace is also recognized as a luxury and wealth item.

Garden hearths
Garden hearths

Modern fireplace in the interior of the living room

The relevance of combining an open hearth with a Russian stove is not a tribute to modernity, such studies and original models were proposed by our predecessors, starting from the 16th century. They also wanted to combine the opportunity to observe an open fire with the heating capacity of a Russian stove. In those days, such attempts were a desire to offer Europeans a Russian universal stove, which would include a favorite fireplace. The scientific study of stove business gave its result. If traditional Russian stoves had an efficiency of about 20-30%, then stoves created on the basis of scientific theory showed an efficiency of 70-80%. Stoves also appeared, combining the advantages of the Russian stove and fireplace.

There are several well-known models of fireplace stoves that deserve special attention, but, in our opinion, the most interesting can be considered a derivative model based on the Kuznetsov stove, developed by I. S. Pogorodnikov, as well as a small modern fireplace stove V. M. Masyutin.

Bell furnaces
Bell furnaces

Bell-type stoves with fireplaces

Kuznetsov-Pogorodnikov furnace

The design of the Kuznetsov furnace is based on the hydraulic theory of combustion furnaces, which was developed by the Russian metallurgist V. E. Grum-Grzhimailo. The essence of the theory is that hot gases with a low molecular weight rise upward, and cold gases go downward. As a result of taking into account the hydraulic characteristics, a model of a wood-burning stove was constructed, which has excellent characteristics. The design of this oven is also called "two-tier hood".

In Kuznetsov's stove, there are no ceiling smoke channels, traditional for a Russian stove, instead, hot gases went into the bell - hog. The hottest gases accumulated in the upper part of the bell, where they gave off their heat, and the temperature reached 975 ° C. The gases under the bell were cooled and gradually descended, where they entered the chimney. The high temperature in the bell suggested combustion of difficult-to-burn gases.

The efficiency of the Kuznetsov furnace is 93%, when the efficiency of modern models of Russian stoves does not exceed 70-80%. As a result, in Kuznetsov's furnaces, with the same amount of fuel, a large heating capacity can be obtained. The Pogorodnikov stove had two bells, which were located one above the other. As a result, the stove warmed up well the lower part of the room. The original Russian stoves had a weak bottom heating, therefore, in Russian huts in winter they walked mainly in felt boots. In the Pogorodnikov oven, this drawback was eliminated, his oven design contributed to the creation of a healthy microclimate for humans - the lower part of the room should be well heated, and the upper part should be slightly cool.

The only drawback of the Kuznetsov-Pogorodnikov furnace is its massive size.

Kuznetsov-Pogorodnikov furnace
Kuznetsov-Pogorodnikov furnace

Kuznetsov's stove with a fireplace, as well as a block diagram of a stove with air channels

Oven-fireplace Masyutin

Model V. M. Masyutina is more successful in terms of smaller overall dimensions, its size is 1.1x1.2m. This model was invented in the 20th century, it combines the features of Russian stove traditions, scientific achievements and modern trends. When choosing a contractor for the construction of a fireplace, you need to understand that a fireplace is a balanced engineering system. If you do not have enough funds to build a high-quality fireplace, it is better to focus on studying theory and build a fireplace yourself, choosing, for example, the Masyutin model of the fireplace stove.

The Masyutin stove-fireplace has been tested many times in practice, it is reliable and economical, the heat transfer of this stove is about 2000 kcal / h. Such a stove without connecting a heating system can heat a room of 20-25 m 2, and a stable temperature can be guaranteed even in severe frosts. The active heating area of the Masyutin fireplace stove is 10 m 2, there is also a hob with one burner and an oven that heats up to a temperature of 50-80 ° C. The distinctive features include the presence of a winter and summer course. Summer has a shorter length and is used for kindling the stove while wet. The dimensions of the Masyutin fireplace are suitable for a room of 15-18 m 2 and are 1095x1290 mm. It is a compact and modern furnace with high efficiency.

The choice of materials for laying the stove

For the masonry of all stoves and fireplaces, only clay bricks are used without voids in the size of 250x120x65 mm with a weight of 3.2-3.8 kg and a compressive strength of 50-300 kg / cm 2. Silicate brick is not used, as it quickly degrades, hollow brick has poor heat transfer.

Fireplace cladding is recommended to be made of dense, temperature-resistant materials. Stove makers are advised to choose Borovichi and Gzhel bricks that can withstand temperatures up to 1000 ° C. In some cases, marble fireplace portals can be used (the cost of a good pink marble portal does not exceed $ 1000 without shipping).

If you put a fireplace stove in the country and plan to use it sporadically, then it is quite possible to do with ordinary red brick. When purchasing bricks, you need to take into account that an additional 20% of the brick will be needed for masonry, this can be broken brick, which is cut to 1/2, 1/4 and 3/4.

Cast iron parts

Almost all parts of the furnace - furnace doors, blower, burners, are made of cast iron. The dimensions of the blower and furnace doors should be multiples of 70 mm in height and 130 mm in width. Cast iron parts are welded to sheet steel or fixed with wire.

Traditional cast iron furnace elements
Traditional cast iron furnace elements

1 Traditional cast iron stove elements. 2 Artistic cast iron fireplace doors. 3-4 Variants of cast-iron grates and furnace doors are truly exquisite interior elements.

The cast iron plate for the Masyutin stove has a length of 430 mm and a width of 280 to 350 mm. Grids are made of solid cast iron, their size should be 300x150 mm.

The oven is made of 1-3 mm sheet steel. The oven should not exceed dimensions 300x510 mm. To save money, cast iron elements can be replaced with less durable steel ones.

Foundation

The foundation of the fireplace stove is carried out in a similar way to the technology of the foundation of houses. It is necessary to take into account the placement of the furnace relative to the adjacent wall, this distance should be equal to one meter. The total area of the foundation should be designed for a functional load of 6 tons, where the mass of the fireplace will be 4.5 tons, and the mass of the foundation is 1.5 tons. The bearing capacity of ordinary soil is 1 kg / cm 2. The chimney pipe should go out on the roof near the ridge, then the wind and snow protection characteristics are improved.

Clay mortar and brick preparation for masonry

The laying of a good fireplace and stove is done only on clay mortar, it is better to take frozen clay, before using it you need to stand in water for several days (at least three). The solution is made of clay with sand, with "lean" clay in a ratio of 1: 1, with "oily" clay - 1: 2. To prepare a high-quality solution, the soaked clay is passed through a coarse sieve (3-5 mm hole), and only then mixed with sand.

Before laying, you need to check the quality of the clay mortar:

Methods for determining the plasticity of clay mortar
Methods for determining the plasticity of clay mortar

Methods for determining the plasticity of clay mortar:

1 - Determination of the plasticity of the solution by "paddle": a) low plasticity ("skinny"), b) normal plasticity, c) high plasticity ("fat").

2 - Determination of plasticity using a "ball": a) a ball of low plasticity, b) a ball of normal plasticity.

3 - Determination of plasticity by the "flagellum" method: in Fig. 3, on the left, we determine by stretching the flagellum, on the right, by compression. Normal option (b).

Soaking bricks before laying the fireplace
Soaking bricks before laying the fireplace

Soaking the brick for a few days before laying to allow air bubbles to escape

Masonry

The laying of the Masyutin fireplace stove is carried out according to a scheme that allows you to orient yourself in the sequence of laying and comply with all dimensions of the stove.

Layout of the masonry fireplace Masyutin
Layout of the masonry fireplace Masyutin
Layout of the masonry fireplace Masyutin
Layout of the masonry fireplace Masyutin

Layout of the masonry fireplace Masyutin

1 - steel corner 400 mm long

2 - steel strip 400 mm long

3 - blower door

4 - brick liners for cleaning

5 - fireplace grate

6 - furnace grates

7 - firebox door

8 - cast iron plate

9 - steel corners 650 mm long

10 - mantel 11 - oven

12 - steel angle 500 mm long

13 - summer run valve

14 - fireplace damper

15 - winter running gate

Fireplace stoves have cavities in their cavity, which is heated by passing smoke before going outside, as well as a fireplace part, which allows you to enjoy an open fire. The bricks in the voids are supported by metal fittings.

Traditional fireplaces have less heat dissipation. They are designed to heat the room by convection when the fireplace is burning. Fireplaces are designed for short-term heat retention.

Fireplace in the interior and garden. How to do it yourself

Fireplaces are a beautiful decoration not only for any interior, but also for the garden. For centuries, architects who have used fireplaces in interiors have been guided by the fact that most of the heat comes from the radiant energy of living fire. That is why the fireplace portals were made as open as possible.

Fireplace in the interior and garden
Fireplace in the interior and garden

1 - American country style garden fireplace, Arizona, USA. 2 - Russian style garden fireplace

Fireplaces have a simpler design than stoves, so they are easier to build yourself. Fireplaces can be installed both indoors and outdoors. The fashion for outdoor fireplaces came from the shores of the Iberian Peninsula, where it is quite cool in the evening, and people spent a lot of time on open terraces.

It certainly makes sense to make a fireplace in the garden on the summer terrace. In Russian conditions, when the air temperature drops enough in the evening, a fireplace in the garden is literally a salvation and the only opportunity to be outdoors on cool days.

Classic garden fireplace
Classic garden fireplace

Classic garden fireplace

Building a garden fireplace

This is a good opportunity to evaluate your strengths before building an interior fireplace. Garden fireplaces are less demanding and simple; the classic masonry scheme is used in their construction. Garden fireplaces are more often built on cement mortar, this ensures their durability.

Garden fireplace construction scheme
Garden fireplace construction scheme

Scheme for the construction of a garden fireplace (in a garden fireplace, you need to take into account the pit for the ash pan)

Interior fireplaces

When building an interior fireplace yourself, it is better to focus on the universal Rumford model, this model has become popular since 1850. The Rumford model has a flat back wall and a rounded inner wall of the fireplace, this design allows you to remove the entire shelf of smoke into the chimney. This model is the most compact of all fireplace models.

Rumford fireplace
Rumford fireplace

Rumford fireplace

Rumford's model aggregated all the knowledge of its author. His fireplace is designed in such a way as to reflect all radiant heat into the room due to the increased size of the firebox. In addition, in the Rumford model, the rear walls of the firebox are not at right angles, this guarantees multiple reflections of the radiant energy.

The inner passage into the chimney of the Rumford fireplace has a roundness - a streamlined "throat", this shape takes into account the laminar flow of gases. In this model, the heated air does not mix with carbon monoxide, therefore this fireplace is safer and more useful, the room is naturally ventilated through the fireplace. The Rumford model is also unique in that the design seems to create a glass barrier for carbon monoxide gases that escape only into the chimney - due to the streamlined "throat" and the narrow high firebox, turbulent air flows near the fire are completely excluded. Placing the fireplace at floor level will slowly draw cold air into the fireplace vent.

This design reduces the heating of the stone cladding of the fireplace; in other models, excessive heating of the structure can lead to a fire. The Rumford firebox has small cavities that retain heat. The fireplace is traditionally built of red bricks with clay mortar and veneered at will. For self-construction of a fireplace, it is enough to decide on the size and follow the diagram.

Rumford fireplace diagram
Rumford fireplace diagram

Rumford fireplace diagram (vertical and horizontal section)

Connecting a stove or fireplace to the home heating system

Fireplaces and stoves can not only heat the air in adjoining rooms, but also allow you to connect a heating system with traditional batteries. In this case, the traditional stove plays the role of a boiler and an additional source of heat in hybrid systems using different types of boilers to heat the room.

Such water heating from a stove was widely used before the massive use of gas boilers. The main idea of hot water heating is that water moves in the system due to the temperature difference under the influence of the gravitational field, gradually heating the radiators. The point is that the mass of cold water is greater than the mass of warm water. Even without a pump, the gravitational water circulation is sufficient to heat a large house from a single stove. The normal functioning of the system assumes heating water at 250 ° C in one cycle. If there is insufficient water circulation, a pump can be installed to provide forced circulation of water in the system.

In rural areas, both gas boilers and stoves are connected to water heating, using them at different times of the year. Water heating can be realized with a fireplace, in which case the fireplace will perform the function of a heater.

The water circuit can be drawn into the brickwork of the garden fireplace, which will heat the pool water. This will create additional comfort during your evening outdoors.

Connecting hot water heating to the oven
Connecting hot water heating to the oven

Connecting hot water heating to the oven

The pipe of the water circuit of the heating system is laid in the thickness of the masonry of the furnace in the zone of maximum heating, where the circulating water is heated.

Thus, cooler water constantly sinks to the bottom of the system, while warmer water rises.

Heating of rooms can also be done with an interior fireplace. In this case, water and air heating is used. Air heating is carried out by laying pipes into which hot air enters, as well as by heating the coolant in radiators. With the help of a fireplace, it is possible to organize floor heating in rooms on the upper floors, in which case hot air is supplied to the floor cavity. It should be noted that this design will imply uneven heating of the surface.

Fireplace with air and water circuit for space heating
Fireplace with air and water circuit for space heating

Fireplace with air and water circuit for space heating

A simple stove-heater for a garden bath

Furnaces can be used for a variety of purposes. We want to tell you about the construction of a simple stove-heater for a bath. Such stoves should provide maximum heating of the steam room and heat the water for the shower. A diagram of a stove for a bath in a personal plot is shown below:

Sauna stove with heated water
Sauna stove with heated water
Furnace masonry scheme
Furnace masonry scheme

1 - Sauna stove with heated water. 2 - Scheme of laying the furnace, "ordering"

The stove shown in the figure heats the steam room up to 80 ° C. The stove retains heat for a long time and dries the bath completely after bathing.

For the device of such a furnace, 176 bricks are needed for a bath height of 2 m, however, the number may be greater with an increase in the height of the furnace, one row has a height of 70 mm. The estimated dimensions of the steam room are 3.0x3.5 m. For construction, you will need a blower and furnace doors, two grate bars, a view and a solid cast-iron plate 710x410 mm, as well as a valve.

Using the ordering diagram shown in the figure, you can easily lay out such a stove for your own bath. Keep in mind that a blower door is installed in the third row, a view is installed in the fifth row, and grate bars are installed in the sixth row. In the seventh row, an oven door is mounted with dimensions 375x250x280 mm. The oven is welded from 8 mm steel, on the front side there must be a flange, as well as a door made of steel 2 mm thick. In the 11th row, a steel damper is installed, which will be convenient for quick boring of the furnace. When the damper is opened, gases will escape into the chimney, and when the damper is closed, they will flow around the heater.

In the 13th row, a cast iron plate is placed. The tank for this stove is not built-in, it is placed on the stove, a 40-liter tank boils in an hour and a half.

A live fire attracts every person, an open hearth is an excellent way of relaxation and an opportunity to take a break from the frantic pace of life of the civilized world. The traditions of stove and fireplace building have been somewhat lost, but the vast experience gained by ancestors will allow you to create your own home and enjoy the blessed warmth of the fire at any time of the year.

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